![]() ![]() Rather than continuous beams, the protons will be bunched together, into 2, 808 bunches, so that interactions between the two beams will take place at discrete intervals never shorter than 25 nanoseconds (ns) apart. It will take less than 90 microseconds for a proton to travel once around the main ring – a speed of about 11,000 revolutions per second. At this energy the protons have a Lorentz factor of about 7,500 and move at about 99.999999% of the speed of light. The protons will each have an energy of 7 TeV, giving a total collision energy of 14 TeV (2.2 μJ). Once or twice a day, as the protons are accelerated from 450 GeV to 7 TeV, the field of the superconducting dipole magnets will be increased from 0.54 to 8.3 tesla (T). Superconducting quadrupole electromagnets are used to direct the beams to four intersection points, where interactions between protons will take place. Approximately 96 tonnes of liquid helium is needed to keep the magnets at their operating temperature of 1.9 K, making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility in the world at liquid helium temperature. In total, over 1,600 superconducting magnets are installed, with most weighing over 27 tonnes. Some 1, 232 dipole magnets keep the beams on their circular path, while an additional 392 quadrupole magnets are used to keep the beams focused, in order to maximize the chances of interaction between the particles in the four intersection points, where the two beams will cross. ![]() The collider tunnel contains two adjacent parallel beam pipes that intersect at four points, each containing a proton beam, which travel in opposite directions around the ring. Surface buildings hold ancillary equipment such as compressors, ventilation equipment, control electronics and refrigeration plants. The 3.8-metre (150 in.) diameter, concrete-lined tunnel, constructed between 19, was formerly used to house the Large Electron-Positron Collider.3 It crosses the border between Switzerland and France at four points, with most of it in France. The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of 27 kilometres (17 mi), at a depth ranging from 50 to 175 metres underground. The LHC12 is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. The first beams were circulated through the collider on 10 September 2008, and the first high-energy collisions are expected to take place after 6-8 weeks. The LHC is operational and is presently in the process of being prepared for collisions. It is funded by and built in collaboration with over eight thousand physicists from over eighty-five countries as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories. The LHC was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN), and lies underneath the Franco-Swiss border between the Jura Mountains and the Alps near Geneva, Switzerland. It is theorized that the collider will confirm the existence of the Higgs boson, the observation of which could confirm the predictions and missing links in the Standard Model, and could explain how other elementary particles acquire properties such as mass. Its main purpose is to explore the validity and limitations of the Standard Model, the current theoretical picture for particle physics. The Large Hadron Collider ( LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator complex, intended to collide opposing beams of protons (one of several types of hadrons) with very high kinetic energy. ![]()
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